Principles of reverse electrodialysis and development of integrated-based system for power generation and water treatment: a review

Abstract Reverse electrodialysis (RED) is among the evolving membrane-based processes available for energy harvesting by mixing water with different salinities. The chemical potential difference causes movement of cations and anions in opposite directions that can then be transformed into electrical current at electrodes redox reactions. Although several works have shown possibilities achieving high power densities through RED system, transformation to industrial-scale stacks remains a challenge particularly understanding correlation between ion-exchange membranes (IEMs) operating conditions. This work provides an overview system including its development modifications IEM utilized system. effects modified on psychochemical properties numerous variables are discussed. prospects combining other technologies such as reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, membrane distillation, heat engine, microbial fuel cell), flow battery been summarized based open-loop closed-loop configurations. review attempts explain prospect technology salinity gradient production further elucidate integrated promising way harvest while reducing impact liquid waste disposal environment.